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A HEPA filter (High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter) is a specialized air filter designed to trap microscopic particles and improve air quality. It is made from fine fibers arranged in a dense, random mesh, typically constructed from glass or synthetic materials. To qualify as a true HEPA filter, it must capture 99.97% of particles as small as 0.3 microns, such as dust, pollen, mold spores, pet dander, and certain bacteria.

The HEPA filter works by employing four key mechanisms to capture particles:

1. Interception: Particles traveling along the airflow stick to fibers.
2. Impaction: Larger particles collide with fibers and become trapped.
3. Diffusion: Smaller particles move erratically (Brownian motion) and collide with fibers.
4. Electrostatic Attraction: Some particles are drawn to fibers due to static charge.

HEPA filters are widely used in air purifiers, vacuum cleaners, HVAC systems, medical settings, and industrial environments to maintain clean air. They are particularly beneficial for people with allergies, asthma, or respiratory issues, as they effectively remove airborne allergens and pollutants. By enhancing air quality, HEPA filters play a vital role in ensuring a healthier and safer environment.